The Belfast Monthly Magazine Vol. 10, No. 55 (Feb. 28, 1813), pp. 120-121.

The assertion may be correct right up to the 1860s there were strenuous efforts by some Landlords and their Agents to promote productive agriculture but with scant results. The Land tenure at the time did not generally help.

This may have been on either the Kenmare (Brown) or Bantry (White) Estate.

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Aiten Alive With Fleas (Dreancaid in Irish) Until DDT Came Along.

Hard to believe now but for those in their 70s upwards a house even prosperous ones was often shared with fleas. As you went down the social scale the more acute the problem.  Children would dread going to school exposing their necks with multiple flea bites. The miraculously appearance in the 1950s of DDT and a few puffs on the beds fleas gone.  The use of turf for the fire was supposed to exacerbate the problem of infestation.

From the early 1950s DDT was used extensively with miraculous results prior to it being questioned for its long term potential toxic qualities.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

John Philpot Curran, Cork born poor scholar, teacher, journalist, barrister, judge, father of Sarah Curran betrothed of executed patriot, Robert Emmett. Eaten alive by fleas while on circuit in Carlow, wrote ‘An Ode to Fleas’

James Joyce in Ulysses refers to Philpot and the flea.

 

 

Dineen’s Irish Dictionary:

 

 

 

 

 

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Patriotic verse by John Philpot Curran, (1750-1817), Lawyer, Wit, MP. Master of the Rolls and Privy Councillor, father of Sarah Curran, Newmarket, Co Cork, ‘Let us be Merry before we go’, ‘The Monks of the Screw’, ‘Cushla Ma Chree’

1818, 10 Day Cork Election, Electors Names, addresses including County Freemen. Some Speeches by Voters.

 

Elections pre secret ballot were held with voters announcing their vote on each day of voting.

 

 

https://photos.app.goo.gl/mWstfbhokaR33Tou5

 

1827 Election, John Hely Hutchinson, Esq., Gerard Callaghan, Esq., List of Voters including West Cork Freemen of Cork.

 

1783, Listing of Voters in Cork City Election.

 

April 1689. Selection of MPs for Borough of Baltimore.  Cornelius O’Donovan, Morrogh O’Donovan, Cornelius O’Donovan of Kilmacabea, Daniel O’Donovan of Kilgliny, Daniel Regane, Daniel O’Donovan of Gortnaskehy, Tymothy Regan, Daniel O’Donovan of Fournaught (Castlehaven), Thady Regan of Ballinacloghy (Leap), Cornelius O’Donovan of Ballynacala, Keadagh O’Donovan als O’Donovane, all Burgesses of Baltimore have chosen Daniel O’Donovan and Jeremie Donovan Esq. as Member.

 

1853, Meat, Drink and Entertainment Provided for Electors for Cork Election (Bread and Circuses).

 

 

1841 Cork election, Contested Box, Names Addresses of electors, Property Qualifications, Bantry, Beara, Bandon, Clonakilty.

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1787, Estate of Sir John Freke, Bart, Town of Clonakilty, Tenants Named by Street.

https://photos.app.goo.gl/h1BFHSxF1itvi85CA

 

Tenants Clonakilty and Baltimore, details of adjoining landowners being updated as transcribed:

 

FrekeCarbery Estate 1788, Clonakilty

 

 

Early Genealogy of Sir Teague O’Regan of Balltnaclohy and Gortniglogh, Killeenlea, near Leap, Carbery West Cork, Temporary holding of lands from 1615 by Sir Walter Coppinger, loss by forfeiture and subsequent restoration under Articles of Treaty of Limerick 1690, later family including fashionable Dr. O’Regan of Mallow and Legal Luminaries, friend of Daniel O’Connell.  Estates finally sold by descendants Cagney family early 20th century to tenants.

Some of the extended later family prominent in law or as Harley Street, London specialists.

General area of Leap the old townland names do not feature on modern mapping:

 

Early Genealogy of Sir Teague O’Regan of Balltnaclohy and Gortniglogh, Killeenlea, near Leap, Carbery West Cork, Temporary holding of lands from 1615 by Sir Walter Coppinger, loss by forfeiture and subsequent restoration under Articles of Treaty of Limerick 1690, later family including fashionable Dr.O’Regan of Mallow, Jaes O’Regan, Barrister, Confidant of Daniel O’Connell. Estates finally sold by descendants Cagney family early 20th century to tenants.

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Transcription may not be 100% accurate.

 

In terms of business tan yards, malt houses the embryo linen industry bleach yard of Darby Carthy, Tan Yard Lane.  The resilience of the Galweys is remarkable. Their lands in the area forfeit due to rebellion pre 1700 here they are clearly thriving.

 

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1684.  John Bourk, Phylomath, Almanac, With Faires and Markets, of Ireland, 10th April Bandon, August Enniskeane, Timoleague.

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Some earlier Fairs:

https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/durrushistory.com/33720

1840.  Ballygurteen Fair, Dunmanway

1616.  Surrender and Regrant.  Patent of James 1 of England, Court of Pie Powder Reserved to Donnell O’Donovan for Fairs, Ascension Thursday and Townlands Listed from Castledonovan to Castlehaven, Caheragh, Glandore, Squince, Brahalish in Durrus. Manor of Castledonovan Power to Hold Court of Leet and Baron,  Friday Market at Rahine, Tuesday market at Drimoleague.

 

Tolls and Frequency of Fairs in Baronies of Bantry and Bere and West Carbery, 9 Fairs Skull, Bantry 1843, 4 Fairs from a Grant by Duke of Devonshire, Dunmanway, 4 Fairs Ballygurteen, Clonakilty, 6 Fairs Goleen, 12 Fairs and a Weekly Market at Ballydehob, Lord Belhaven’s patent at Castletownbere. No Disturbances in Collecting Tolls Except at Bantry Once.

 

From the Patent of 15th March 1679 to hold Fairs at Ballygobban to Bantry Market, West Cork, July 2014.

1916 Swearing in of Daniel O’Leary MP for West Cork to House of Commons.  1918 his Question to Whether Local Magistrates Consulted  before West Cork Proclaimed and Prohibition of Fairs and Markets in Bantry and Castletownbere.

Dunmanway Fairs:

Gurteenasowna (510 acres) Goirtin na Sabhna- Little field of the savin.  At Southside is Gearranbaun- Gearan Ban (white incline) where fairs were held.

Moreagh (261 acres) Magh Riabhach- Grey or cold plain. Bealaboy- Beal Atha Buidhe (mouth of the yellow ford) is a ford on the Bandon River between this townland and Nedinagh West. It was noted for its great fair which was sometimes called Aonach Randal Og (Randal Oges fair) from charter granted by James 1 to Randal Og O Hurley in 1615 to hold a fair there.

 

Nedinagh East (426 acres)  Nead an Fhiaidh- Haunt or lair of the deer. Here at the north side of Fanlobbus graveyard-Fan Leaba Ois (slope of the fawns bed) in which are the ruins of the old parish church. Fanlobbus was in early times the centre of the parish as it holds the remains of a 7th century religious house. In the graveyard is a famine pit with the remains of some of the victims of the famine of 1847.  Randal Óg Hurley, who built Ballinacarriga Castle, is buried here. Fanlobbus church, which has been taken over for Protestant service, was closed in 1700 and a new place of worship was opened in the town by Sir Richard Cox. This served to 1821. Fearann na hAbhann – Land of the river, Fearann na gCeart- Land of rights and Land of rights and Fearann na gCaorach- Land of the sheep are old divisions of Nedineagh. At the north side is Toberabastia- Tobar a ‘Bhaiste (well of the baptisms).  In 1615 Tadhg an Fhorsa McCarthy was granted a patent to hold an annual fair here. At the other side was the fair green.

 

 

 

The Co. Antrim Rolls give an idea of the scale of the catastrophe inflicted on the Irish People in 1922.

Click to access hearth_rolls_of_county_antrim.pdf

 

1792, Return by Thomas Wren, Inspector general of Hearth Money.  Cork with over 76,000 Houses..

 

The Hearth Money Tax rolls recorder ll households by townland even where no tax was paid from c 1650s.  All were destroyed in 1922.

 

From Thomas Newenham, 1809.

 

 

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1743.  Command from Custom House, Dublin re Hearth Tax Collection.

https://wordpress.com/post/durrushistory.com/31532

1737. Fragment Heart Tax Roll. Hearth Tax Rolls for Co. Antrim.

 

1812.  Cork.  Rates of Tax on Hearts and Windows, Greyhounds at £1 per annum, Miscellaneous Dogs (Hounds, Pointers, Setting Dog, Spaniel, Lurcher, Terrier), at 10 shillings, Male Servants. Lodgers, Horses, Geldings, Mares, Mules,  Carriages, Coaches, Berlins, Chariots, Galashes with 4 Wheels and Two Horse Carriages with 2 Wheels. Michael Sullivan/O’Sullivan, Hurrig Sept of O’Sullivans, Bantry, Heart Tax Collector, Alleged Descendant of O’Sullivan Bere.

 

Petty’s census 1659 for hearth tax Durrus

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1851 Census Summary Family of Joseph and Heater Roycroft, Kilpatrick, Schull, West Cork.

 

 

CENSUS SEARCH FORMS

The Old Age Pensions Act 1908 introduced a non-contributory pension for eligible people aged 70 and over. It was implemented from January 1909 in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. To be eligible, applicants had to be 70 years old, to have an income of less than £31.10.00 per annum and to ‘be of good character’. During the first three months of 1909, 261,668 applications were made in Ireland. By 31 March 1910, 180,974 Irish pensions had been granted. The level of take-up from those eligible in Ireland was 98%, as opposed to 45% in England and Wales, demonstrating the need for such a measure due to widespread poverty. The full pension of 5 shillings per week for a single person, or 7 shillings per week for a married couple, was available to those with an income of less than £21.00.00 per annum.

Proof of age was an essential part of the process of application for a pension. Because civil registration of births did not begin in Ireland until 1864, applicants had no official documentation to prove their age. It was decided that searches of the 1841 and 1851 census returns, still in the Public Record Office at this time, could produce acceptable documentary evidence of a claimant’s age. The claimant had to provide parents’ names and their residence in March 1841/1851. They also had to state the age they believed themselves to have been in the appropriate year. These forms were sent to the Public Record Office where searches were carried out to prove eligibility. When a search could not find the claimant, the form was returned with ‘not found’ or ‘no trace’ written on it. Even then, you will get the claimant’s version of his family members’ names and location in 1841 or 1851. But many searches were successful, and these can often provide the names and ages of every person living in the claimant’s household at the time of the relevant census.

The records now online can be searched by census year, forename and surname of claimant, claimant’s present address, forename and surname of claimant’s mother and father, and townland/street, parish, barony and county where resident in 1841 or 1851.

1809 West Cork Census Population, Religious Breakdown Land Estate Rental, Schools, Thomas Newenham, Coolmore, Carrigaline, Relying on Catholic Bishop of Cork Diocesan Returns.

Newenham produced a number of books promoting good agriculture and native industry.  He uses extensive statistical data from Customs and Excise returns, the Heart Money Tax Returns (destroyed in 1922) and in this case the Catholic Bishop of Cork and Ross gave him access to a census he had the clergy carry out.

Newenham Estate:

http://landedestates.nuigalway.ie:8080/LandedEstates/jsp/family-show.jsp?id=2852

Rents trebled in Durrus between On Evanson Estates 1882 and 1809.  The Parish Priest presumably made this return.  The Evansons were the largest landlords having two estates. the larger (a leasehold interest expiring c1853) following their financial difficulties was rented from the Bernards (Later Lord Bandon)  of Bandon from c 1715.  When the Bandon estate recovered the lands the village of Carrigbui (Durrus) was a collection of mud huts which Lord bandon cleared and built the modern village.  The electoral area  of Durrus West was one of the worst affected in the famine in terms of mortality in Ireland.  The only improvement carried out on that estate by the Evansons was the building of Durrus Court c 1810.  On their other estate across Dunmansus Bay comprising three townland they built Friendly Cove and the Grain Store and kiln c 1795.  The legal tenure may be faulted as they probably would have had difficulty raising money  the family seem to be in financial trouble from the 1790s given the rent charges on the estate they had a freehold interest in. Unlike other estates in the area athey is no evidence they gave lease even to larger tenants.

The huge increase in rents were no confined to the Evansons. On the Beecher estates west of Skibbereen in the 1850s Landed Estates sale it was stated that the market rent was four times the rent the Beecher received as they sold long leaseholds in the 1780s to alleviate financial distress.  The Diocesan returns referred to quote multiple examples of trebing or rents increasing by a factor of four.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c550F3fK7ZT0qUzH4DjP4I87TPHU5-yK-l4D-_cH-E4/edit

 

 

Extract From Lost 1851 Census, Williamson Family, Droumatinaheen, Durrus, West Cork and Sullivans of Clonee who claim descent from O’Sullivan Bere., Vickery/Sullivan Marriage, Paul Shannon Gortaneish (Kealaties).

 

Church of Ireland Search Forms for Old Age Pensions, from Durrus, West Cork. Parish Register and Extracts from Census of 1840s, 1850s, 1860s all Lost in Destruction of Public Records Office, Dublin, 1922. Names include Allen, Baker, Croston, Driscoll, Dukelow, Manders, Shannon, Sullivan, Varian, Williamson

 

1851 Census Summary Family of Joseph and Heater Roycroft, Kilpatrick, Schull, West Cork.

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Thomas Newenham acknowledges his friend Lord Carbery’s of Castlefreke, Rosscarbery, contribution in providing information on Ballyroe (Clonakilty).  it is likely they were part of  group promoting local development at the time.

Lord John Carbery (Evans-Freke) 6th Baron Carbery (1765-1845), 1821, Castle Freke, Rosscarbery.  Son of Sir John Freke, married 1783 Lady Catherine Charlotte Gore succeeded by nephew George Evans-Freke. MP Donegal and Baltimore. Grandmaster of Freemasons in Munster.  1809 assisted his friend Thomas Newenham, Coolmore, Carrigaline in his publication on Ireland providing information on Ballyroe (Clonakilty).  1817 Chairing Cork Committee of Linen production an encouraging local development. 1822 signed Memorial for new road Bantry/Durrus/Kilcrohane part of his estate was Ballycomane in Durrus.  1821 writing to Chief Secretary re disaffection, Castlefreke, Clonakilty, sitting Rosscarbery, 1835. 1822 Lord Lieutenant sends £500 for local distress. 1822 Cork Trustee for The Encouraging Industry in Ireland.  Protestant protest meeting Cork 1834.   Author of pamphlet 1832 urging reform of Cork Grand Jury.  Reputed to have bell rung in London church on hearing of death of Father John Power, Parish priest Kilmacabea.  Subscriber 1821 Dr Thomas Wood’s ‘Primitive Inhabitants of Ireland. Present at enquiry Skibbereen 1823 into enquiry into fatal affray at Castlehaven caused by Rev. Morritt’s tithe extraction.  1823 Blamed notorious tithe extractor Rev. Morritt for fatal affray at Castlehaven, welcomed Petty Session Courts and urged abolition of Manor Courts.  Subscriber Lewis Topographical Dictionary of Ireland 1837. listed 1843. Lord of Manor appointing Seneschals. Member Commission on Magistrates 1838. Member provisional Committee projected Bandon to Bantry Railway 1845.   HIs life size statue in Rosscarbery Cathedral has an inscription how he founded schools in various parts of his estates, clothed the surrounding hills with trees and improved agriculture and the amelioration of his countrymen’.  Carberys intermarried with O’Driscoll family. Left estate valued at £90,000, worth perhaps €60-70 million in 2018 terms. Left rental of estates for life to his wife. On his death he directed that the principal family seat and residence should be Castle and that his inheritor should reside there at least four months in the year.  If the inheritor was to become Roman Catholic, the interest in the estate would cease and go to the next in line provided such party was Protestant.

 

First Sermon Translated from French to be Produced in the Irish Character (Language) 1819.

 

It is not known who produced this but other sermons in the book refer to the La Touche family.   They were of Huguenot background, founders of the Bank of Ireland and prominent in Irish Commercial life from the 1730s.  During repeated banking crisis and failures for  the 1740s to the 1820s their bank never failed.

 

During the 1810s onwards there were various Missionary and Bible Societies using native Irish speakers as Scripture readers. Protestant Clergy were also being taught Irish as a means of preaching.  In this preface however the argument is that other nations such as England and France had their language so Ireland should use Irish.

 

https://photos.app.goo.gl/C9aSXQNA1TzD8fVP9

 

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The Munster Bar could and may still be a precarious place to make a living.   Sir Redmond Barry who left Cork for Melbourne was asked why  replied that at the Munster Bar ‘there were hats for 40 and work for 20’.

Early Cork Lawyers:

_Legal Personel Early Cork, Ireland, 15th November 2018

 

Cork barristers, Sir William Foster Stawell (1815-89), Oldcourt Co. Cork to Attorney General and Chief Justice, Melbourne, Redmond Barry (1815-89), Ballyclough, Co. Cork Chief Justice, Victoria, 40 hats on the Munster Circuit 1842 and not enough work for 20, and the development of Australian Legal Infrastructure

March 1719, Munster Circuit, Assizes Sitting at the Tholsel, Cork, Lord Chief Baron Gilbert and Mr. Baron Pockington.

Barristers of the Munster Circuit, 1886,  including ‘Peter the Packer’ later Lord O’Brien of Kilfenora, 2nd Serjeant.

 

Necrology of Frank (Francis J.B.) Healy, (1869-1931), Barrister on Munster Circuit, Wilmont Castle, Cobh, Co. Cork, Imprisosned Richmond Gaol and English Gaols, Antiquarian, Contributor to defunct ‘Cork Ivernian’, Council Member Cork Archchaeological Society, Notebooks 1909 re Jim Larkin’s Trial for Theft of Union Funds, Corespondent of John Devoy, correspondence Judge Coholan, New York.

 

Cork barristers, Sir William Foster Stawell (1815-89), Oldcourt Co. Cork to Attorney General and Chief Justice, Melbourne, Redmond Barry (1815-89), Ballyclough, Co. Cork Chief Justice, Victoria, 40 hats on the Munster Circuit 1842 and not enough work for 20, and the development of Australian Legal Infrastructure

Sir Michael Henry Gallwey (182-1912), mother Margaret McCarthy, Greenfield, Ardfield, Clonakilty, Co. Cork, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Leading Member of the Munster Circuit, Attorney General, Natal, South Africa, Chief Justice, Acting Governor, president Arbitration Commission of the Land Dispute between the Transvaal Republic and the Zulus, brother-in-law of James J. Murphy, Brewer, Cork

 

1847 from Law Society Directory:

 

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1917 from Law Society Directory:

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