1871 Linguistic Map of West Cork, darker red greater Irish speaking are.

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Courtesy: Mary Phelan, Dublin City University.

Irish Speakers, Interpreters and the Courts 1751 – 1921. Mary Phelan 286PP Four Courts Press Dublin in Association with the Irish Legal History Society. Price €55 

The Administration of Justice (Language) Act (Ireland) 1737, (herein after referred to as the 1737 Act), stipulated that all legal proceedings in Ireland should take place in English, thus placing Irish speakers at a huge disadvantage, obliging them to communicate through others, and treating them as foreigners in their own country. Gradually, over time, legislation was passed to allow the grand juries, forerunners of county councils, to employ salaried interpreters. Drawing on extensive research on grand jury records held at national and local level, supplemented by records of correspondence with the Chief Secretary’s Office in Dublin Castle, this book provides definitive answers on where, when, and until when, Irish language court interpreters were employed. Contemporaneous newspaper court reports are used to illustrate how exactly the system worked in practice and to explore official, primarily negative, attitudes towards Irish speakers

Saunders’s News-Letter 7 November 1836 page 2 Court of Exchequer – Saturday Nisi Prius Chief
Baron Tithes Recels – Cork
William Hogarthy and William Rownan were brought up in the custody of the commissioner of
rebellion, for not answering the bill filed by the plaintiff in the cause, for the recovery of tithe
composition.
Rownan stated that he did not get any notice to pay the money before he was arrested.
Hogarthy could only speak Irish, and his fellow-prisoner was his interpreter, from whom the court
learned that he was in a state of great destitution, his wife having been that day obliged to pledge an
article to support him in Newgate.
The prisoners were then conveyed to the Marshalsea.